phonology 包括什么内容?英语的定义和包括内容

phonology 包括什么内容?英语的定义和包括内容
phonology 包括什么内容?英语的
定义和包括内容

phonology 包括什么内容?英语的定义和包括内容
Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.
Discussion
The phonological system of a language includes
an inventory of sounds and their features,and
rules which specify how sounds interact with each other.
Phonology is just one of several aspects of language.It is related to other aspects such as phonetics,morphology,syntax,and pragmatics.
Here is an illustration that shows the place of phonology in an interacting hierarchy of levels in linguistics:

Phonology
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Linguistics
Theoretical linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
...

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Phonology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Linguistics
Theoretical linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Lexical semantics
Structural semantics
Prototype semantics
Stylistics
Prescription
Pragmatics
Applied linguistics
Psycholinguistics
Sociolinguistics
Generative linguistics
Cognitive linguistics
Computational linguistics
Descriptive linguistics
Historical linguistics
Comparative linguistics
Etymology
List of linguists
Unsolved problems
The vowels of modern (Standard) Arabic and (Israeli) Hebrew from the phonological point of view. Note the intersection of the two circles—the distinction between short a, i and u is made by both speakers, but Arabic lacks the mid articulation of short vowels, while Hebrew lacks the distinction of vowel length.
Enlarge
The vowels of modern (Standard) Arabic and (Israeli) Hebrew from the phonological point of view. Note the intersection of the two circles—the distinction between short a, i and u is made by both speakers, but Arabic lacks the mid articulation of short vowels, while Hebrew lacks the distinction of vowel length.
The vowels of modern (Standard) Arabic and (Israeli) Hebrew from the phonetic point of view. Note that the two circles are totally separate—none of the vowel-sounds made by speakers of one language are made by speakers of the other.
Enlarge
The vowels of modern (Standard) Arabic and (Israeli) Hebrew from the phonetic point of view. Note that the two circles are totally separate—none of the vowel-sounds made by speakers of one language are made by speakers of the other.
Phonology (Greek phonē = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages). Whereas phonetics is about the physical production and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages.
An important part of phonology is studying which sounds are distinctive units within a language. In English, for example, /p/ and /b/ are distinctive units of sound, (i.e., they are phonemes /the difference is phonemic). This can be seen from minimal pairs such as "pin" and "bin", which mean different things, but differ only in one sound. On the other hand, /p/ is often pronounced differently depending on its position relative to other sounds, yet these different pronunciations are still considered by native speakers to be the same "sound". For example, the /p/ in "pin" is aspirated while the same phoneme in "spin" is not. In some other languages, eg Thai and Quechua, this same difference of aspiration or non-aspiration does differentiate phonemes.
In addition to the minimal meaningful sounds (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, such as the /p/ in English described above, and topics such as syllable structure, stress, accent, and intonation.
The principles of phonological theory have also been applied to the analysis of signed languages, with gestures and their relationships as the object of study.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Representing phonemes
* 2 Phoneme inventories
o 2.1 Doing a phoneme inventory
o 2.2 Phonemic distinctions or allophones
o 2.3 Change of a phoneme inventory over time
* 3 Other topics in phonology
o 3.1 Word stress
* 4 Development of the field
* 5 See also
* 6 External links
* 7 Bibliography
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology

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