宾语从句与状语从句比如主句与从句的时态问题.前后词性等等.

宾语从句与状语从句比如主句与从句的时态问题.前后词性等等.
宾语从句与状语从句
比如主句与从句的时态问题.前后词性等等.

宾语从句与状语从句比如主句与从句的时态问题.前后词性等等.
宾语从句
(1) that引导的宾语从句
I know that he is friendly and hospitable.
我知道他很友好而且好客.
(由连接代词引导）
Almost all economists agree that nations gain by trading with one another .
几乎所有的经济学家都承认,各国在相互的贸易中受益.
注：① they told us once again that the situation was serious .
他告诉我们说形势是严重的.
(亦可以说They told us that once again that the situation was serious).
(他们告诉我们说形势又严重了)但是两句中的that皆不可以省去,否则会产生歧义.
② He said he couldn’t tell you right away and that you wouldn’t understand.
他说他不能马上告诉你,你是不会理解的.
(said 之后可以省去that,但第二个that 不可省去.)
③ That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.
我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话.(that 从句置于句首是,that 不可省去)
④ We decided ,in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period.
鉴于他的特殊情况,我们决定给他一段试用期
(2) 连接代词、连接副词以及连接词whether/if引导的宾语从句
History innguists stdudy how languages evolve over time
历史语言学家研究语言是如何随着时间的推移而发展的.(由连接副词引导)
Do you know when we shall have a meeting?
你知道我们什么时候开会吗?(由连接副词引导)
I asked him if he sure what he is doing.
我问他是否确信知道自己在做什么?(连接词if以及连接代词引导)
The teacher asked me whether or not I finished my work?
老师问我是否完成了作业.(连接词wheter引导)
(3) 名词性关系代词what,whatever,whichever,whoever引导的宾语从句
He gave whoever asked for it a copy of his latest paper.
不论谁要他都将他最近写的论文给他一份.
The President is determined to resist what he regards as blackmail by the terrorists. 总统决心抵制他所认为的恐怖分子的敲诈.
You can call me whatever you like.
你叫我什么都行.
You may choose which appeals to you.
你对哪个感兴趣就可以选哪个.
Use which method you prefer.
你喜欢哪个方法就用哪个方法.
4. 介词宾语从句
(1) that引导的介词宾语从句
that引导的介词宾语从句仅限于用在except,but,notwithstanding等少数介词后.
His account is correct except that some details are omitted.
除了有些细节未提到外,他的叙述是正确的.
He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.
要不是他那时缺钱,他一定会帮助我们的.
(2) 连接代词和连接副词引导的介词宾语从句
I have no definite information yet as to which route he will take.
对他将走哪条路线,我们还没有确切的情报.
I know nothing about the matter except what you told me.
除你告诉我的情况以外,对此事我一无所知.
但要注意：引导介词宾语从句的whether不能换作if.
(3) 名词性关系代词what, whatever, whichever, whoever引导的介词宾语从句
The boy was interested in whatever he saw here
那孩子对在那里看到的任何事物都感兴趣.
The first prize should go to whoever writes best.
头等奖应颁给最优秀的作者.
状语从句
地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导.例如：
Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多.
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你.
方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as, （just） as…so…, as if, as though引导.
1）as, （just） as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在（just） as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像",多用于正式文体.例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人.
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水.
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西.
2）as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大.汉译常作"仿佛……似的","好像……似的".例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的.（与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气.）
He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的.（与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气.）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来.（实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气.）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语.例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的.
He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的.
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒.
原因状语从句比较because, since, as和for：
1）because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题.当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since.例如：
I didn't go, because I was afraid. 我不去是因为我怕.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟,旅行推迟了.
2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替.但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for.例如：
He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席,因为他病了.
He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了,所以今天缺席.
目的状语从句表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导.例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大点声,别人就能听见了.
He wrote the name down for fear that（lest） he should forget it. 他写下了这个名字以免以后忘记.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿点衣服,以防天发冷.
结果状语从句结果状语从句常由so…that 或 such…that引导.so…that与such…that之间可以转换.例如：
The boy is so young that he can't go to school. 这男孩年龄太小,不能上学.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
条件状语从句连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等.if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种.非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述.
unless = if not. 例如：
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. 如果不太累,我们去散散步.
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例题
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. if D. or
答案A.句意：除非你立即走,否则你就回迟到的.可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.B、D句意不对,or表转折,句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.
让步状语从句1）though, although引导的让步状语从句,后面的从句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用.例如：
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 虽然在下雨,但他们仍在地里干活.
He is very old, but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老了,但仍然努力地工作.
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了.（谚语）
2）as, though 引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）.例如：
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. 虽然是个小孩,该做什么不做什么,他全知道.
3）ever if, even though 即使.例如：
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好,我们也要去远足.
4）whether…or… 不管……都.例如：
Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你,这确实是真的.
5）"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" .例如：
No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. 不管发生什么,他不在意.
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句.
（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了.（Whatever you say是主语从句）
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么.
比较until和till此两个连词意义相同.肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时",动词必须是延续性的.否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事".动词为延续性或非延续性都可以.正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式.肯定句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了.
Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你.（在肯定句中可用before代替.例如 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到.
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车.
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后,我才会做.
区别：
1）until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首.例如：
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告诉我以前,出了什么事我一点也不知道.
2）until when 疑问句中,until要放在句首.例如：
---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候?
--- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一.
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示.
1）Not until…在句首,主句用倒装.例如：
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世纪初,人类才知道热为何物.
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到工作,才认识到我已蹉跎了几多岁月.
2）It is not until… that… .例如：
It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.

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